# This script demonstrates the use of a convolutional LSTM network.
# This network is used to predict the next frame of an artificially
# generated movie which contains moving squares.
library(keras)
library(abind)
library(raster)
# Function Definition -----------------------------------------------------
generate_movies <- function(n_samples = 1200, n_frames = 15){
rows <- 80
cols <- 80
noisy_movies <- array(0, dim = c(n_samples, n_frames, rows, cols))
shifted_movies <- array(0, dim = c(n_samples, n_frames, rows, cols))
n <- sample(3:8, 1)
for(s in 1:n_samples){
for(i in 1:n){
# Initial position
xstart <- sample(20:60, 1)
ystart <- sample(20:60, 1)
# Direction of motion
directionx <- sample(-1:1, 1)
directiony <- sample(-1:1, 1)
# Size of the square
w <- sample(2:3, 1)
x_shift <- xstart + directionx*(0:(n_frames))
y_shift <- ystart + directiony*(0:(n_frames))
for(t in 1:n_frames){
square_x <- (x_shift[t] - w):(x_shift[t] + w)
square_y <- (y_shift[t] - w):(y_shift[t] + w)
noisy_movies[s, t, square_x, square_y] <-
noisy_movies[s, t, square_x, square_y] + 1
# Make it more robust by adding noise. The idea is that if
# during inference, the value of the pixel is not exactly
# one; we need to train the network to be robust and still
# consider it as a pixel belonging to a square.
if(runif(1) > 0.5){
noise_f <- sample(c(-1, 1), 1)
square_x_n <- (x_shift[t] - w - 1):(x_shift[t] + w + 1)
square_y_n <- (y_shift[t] - w - 1):(y_shift[t] + w + 1)
noisy_movies[s, t, square_x_n, square_y_n] <-
noisy_movies[s, t, square_x_n, square_y_n] + noise_f*0.1
}
# Shift the ground truth by 1
square_x_s <- (x_shift[t+1] - w):(x_shift[t+1] + w)
square_y_s <- (y_shift[t+1] - w):(y_shift[t+1] + w)
shifted_movies[s, t, square_x_s, square_y_s] <-
shifted_movies[s, t, square_x_s, square_y_s] + 1
}
}
}
# Cut to a 40x40 window
noisy_movies <- noisy_movies[,,21:60, 21:60]
shifted_movies = shifted_movies[,,21:60, 21:60]
noisy_movies[noisy_movies > 1] <- 1
shifted_movies[shifted_movies > 1] <- 1
# Add channel dimension
noisy_movies <- array_reshape(noisy_movies, c(dim(noisy_movies), 1))
shifted_movies <- array_reshape(shifted_movies, c(dim(shifted_movies), 1))
list(
noisy_movies = noisy_movies,
shifted_movies = shifted_movies
)
}
# Data Preparation --------------------------------------------------------
# Artificial data generation:
# Generate movies with 3 to 7 moving squares inside.
# The squares are of shape 1x1 or 2x2 pixels, which move linearly over time.
# For convenience we first create movies with bigger width and height (80x80)
# and at the end we select a 40x40 window.
movies <- generate_movies(n_samples = 1000, n_frames = 15)
more_movies <- generate_movies(n_samples = 200, n_frames = 15)
# Model definition --------------------------------------------------------
#Initialize model
model <- keras_model_sequential()
model %>%
# Begin with 2D convolutional LSTM layer
layer_conv_lstm_2d(
input_shape = list(NULL,40,40,1),
filters = 40, kernel_size = c(3,3),
padding = "same",
return_sequences = TRUE
) %>%
# Normalize the activations of the previous layer
layer_batch_normalization() %>%
# Add 3x hidden 2D convolutions LSTM layers, with
# batch normalization layers between
layer_conv_lstm_2d(
filters = 40, kernel_size = c(3,3),
padding = "same", return_sequences = TRUE
) %>%
layer_batch_normalization() %>%
layer_conv_lstm_2d(
filters = 40, kernel_size = c(3,3),
padding = "same", return_sequences = TRUE
) %>%
layer_batch_normalization() %>%
layer_conv_lstm_2d(
filters = 40, kernel_size = c(3,3),
padding = "same", return_sequences = TRUE
) %>%
layer_batch_normalization() %>%
# Add final 3D convolutional output layer
layer_conv_3d(
filters = 1, kernel_size = c(3,3,3),
activation = "sigmoid",
padding = "same", data_format ="channels_last"
)
# Prepare model for training
model %>% compile(
loss = "binary_crossentropy",
optimizer = "adadelta"
)
model
# Training ----------------------------------------------------------------
model %>% fit(
movies$noisy_movies,
movies$shifted_movies,
batch_size = 10,
epochs = 30,
validation_split = 0.05
)
# Visualization ----------------------------------------------------------------
# Testing the network on one movie
# feed it with the first 7 positions and then
# predict the new positions
#Example to visualize on
which <- 100
track <- more_movies$noisy_movies[which,1:8,,,1]
track <- array(track, c(1,8,40,40,1))
for (k in 1:15){
if (k<8){
png(paste0(k,'_animate.png'))
par(mfrow=c(1,2),bg = 'white')
(more_movies$noisy_movies[which,k,,,1]) %>% raster() %>% plot() %>% title (main=paste0('Ground_',k))
(more_movies$noisy_movies[which,k,,,1]) %>% raster() %>% plot() %>% title (main=paste0('Ground_',k))
dev.off()
} else {
# And then compare the predictions to the ground truth
png(paste0(k,'_animate.png'))
par(mfrow=c(1,2),bg = 'white')
(more_movies$noisy_movies[which,k,,,1]) %>% raster() %>% plot() %>% title (main=paste0('Ground_',k))
# Make Prediction
new_pos <- model %>% predict(track)
# Slice the last row
new_pos_loc <- new_pos[1,k,1:40,1:40,1]
new_pos_loc %>% raster() %>% plot() %>% title (main=paste0('Pred_',k))
# Reshape it
new_pos <- array(new_pos_loc, c(1,1, 40,40,1))
# Bind it to the earlier data
track <- abind(track,new_pos,along = 2)
dev.off()
}
}
# Can also create a gif by running
system("convert -delay 40 *.png animation.gif")
